Third Culture Kids Definition in Multiple Languages
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The “Third Culture Kids” definition translated into other languages so that we can show this to our friends and families who may have difficulties understanding English.
Here is what we have so far (thanks to the list Brice has provided) and we’re thinking of having these translated into about several other languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Arabic, Russian, Thai, Indonesian.
Please help and get involved in translating!
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Hi everyone!
We’d like to have your attention please.
It appears that the TCK book by David C. Pollock and Ruth E. Van Reken has been quite a helpful resource for many TCKs and I know it has definitely for me. Unfortunately so far anything in relation to the TCK issue that I have come across are all in English. I want to show this book to my mom and although she can read in English something in Chinese will probably be better.
So a few of us got together and came up with the idea that maybe we should have something translated into other languages so that we can show this to our friends and families who may have difficulties understanding English.
Here is what we have so far (thanks to the list Brice has provided) and we’re thinking of having these translated into about several other languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Arabic, Russian, Thai, Indonesian, and any more that I am missing) :
Translations:
Third Culture Kids in Japanese
Third Culture Kids in Portuguese (And 17 Ways to help MKs translation)
Korean
Introduction of TCK Concepts in Korean - Explaining it to Parents
TCK - MK Conferences in Korean
Chinese Mandarin
TCK Resources in Chinese Mandarin
Definition in Chinese Mandarin
Please help translating:
Please help translating this page: http://tckid.com/what-is-a-tck.html
1) Definition of “Third Culture Kid”
“A third culture kid is a person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside their parents’ culture. The third culture kid builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. Although elements from each culture are assimilated into the third culture kid’s life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of the same background, other TCKs.”
2) Short stories of the life a third culture kid (from famous people to regular people)
3) Common issues and resolutions
We’d like to ask you to help. If possible we’d like a few us who can volunteer to translate this document once it’s complete into other languages. And also if there are any critical items that you wish to have included that you think can help others better understand you please feel free to add.
Looking forward to all the feedbacks!
Cynthia Yang
Born in Taiwan and grew up in Indonesia, Thailand and China. Went to the US for college and have been working between Shanghai and Connecticut ever since. Fluent in Mandarin and English and can understand basic conversation of Thai.44 Comments to “Third Culture Kids Definition in Multiple Languages”
February 21st, 2008 at 6:26 pm
OK, let’s start translating the definition
http://tckid.com/what-is-a-tck.html
“A third culture kid is a person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside their parents’ culture. The third culture kid builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. Although elements from each culture are assimilated into the third culture kid’s life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of the same background, other TCKs.”
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February 21st, 2008 at 6:31 pm
Third Culture Kids Translation in Mandarin
第三文化小孩是一個全球國際化的產物，意指一個“一個小孩，於一個或多個不屬於自己的原有文化中，處於有影響的一段時間，接而將不同文化的特質及思想融入自己原有的文化之中”的人。這個人的文化背景是由家長的第一文化（雙親也有可能是不同文化的），和他成長當地的第二文化，所融合而成的第三文化。
隨著國際間交流的性質，第三文化小孩出於下列幾種家庭職業：傳教(17%)，從商(16%), 政府機關(23%)，軍事人員(30%) 及其他(14%)。 至從於1960年代社會學家Ruth Hill Useem 使用此詞，此次文化是被國際間的學者熱烈研究的一門科目。通常這些第三文化的人會比較認同其他同背景的人，不論國籍，甚至過於同國非第三文化的人。
社會學家Ruth Hill Useem 在印度與她的三個孩子生活的時候開始注意到這個第三文化的形成。一開始「第三文化」是指適應另一個文化的學習過程，漸漸轉換成一個稱呼這一種環境下長大的人。一個第三文化的小孩會漸漸的將不屬於自己原有的文化融入它本身，他會與周遭的文化環境建立關係，但不受任一個文化的全部限制。要成為一個第三文化的孩子，必須同父母進入一個外國的文化，不然則無法擁有他父母的文化教育。參加國外教學交換計畫，即是一個不成為第三文化孩子的例子。
這一方面的研究恩為兩種方向，一為成人的第三文化孩子試圖去了解何解釋他們所歷經的過程，二為美國軍方所贊助對外派人員之子女的研究。研究的內容包過成人的現在生活狀況。
雖然多項研究的結果顯示相識的結論，但是有一些國際的質疑是否有一個實際的“文化”存在。
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February 21st, 2008 at 6:32 pm
Als Third Culture Kids (TCKs) oder Drittkultur-Kinder werden Kinder und Jugendliche bezeichnet, die in einer anderen Kultur aufgewachsen sind als ihre Eltern, oder die während ihrer Kindheit und Jugend oft umgezogen sind und dabei die Kultur gewechselt haben. Dadurch weisen sie besondere Charaktermerkmale und bestimmte Prägungen auf.
Der Begriff Third Culture wurde von den Soziologen Ruth Hill Useem und John Useem eingeführt. Bei der Forschung über die Situation von US-Amerikanern und anderen Ausländern in Indien stellten sie fest, dass diese untereinander eine Art neue Kultur bilden, die Teile aus der umgebenden (indischen) Kultur und Teile der Herkunftskultur (US-amerikanisch) enthält und daher keiner von beiden gleicht. Es ist eine Drittkultur. Dieses Konzept erwies sich in anderen Forschungskontexten als hilfreich. Man stellte fest, dass sich Menschen im Ausland sehr gut mit Ausländern aus wieder anderen Kulturen verstanden, und führte dies darauf zurück, dass sie eben diese Drittkultur verbindet. Third Culture Kids sind die Kinder solcher Drittkultur-Angehöriger. Das TCK übernimmt Elemente aus verschiedenen Kulturen, fühlt sich aber meist keiner Kultur ganz zugehörig.
TCKs sind meistens Kinder von Missionaren, Diplomaten, entsandten Mitarbeitern globaler Unternehmen, Entwicklungshelfern, Lehrern, Medienvertretern oder Militärbediensteten. Die minimale Zeitdauer, die ein Kind in verschiedenen Kulturen verbringen muss, um die typischen Merkmale eines TCKs aufzuweisen, ist nicht genau festgelegt und hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren ab: Alter, Ort, Tätigkeit der Eltern, Erziehung, Freunde, Schule und weitere.
Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Culture_Kid
TCK Book in German from Amazon: http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3861226324/84-20
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February 22nd, 2008 at 11:53 pm
Where did you get that German from? Wikipedia? Ist that correkt?
After I read the book I was looking for somthing in German, but didn’t find anything!
okay, guys, if you need help for German, I’m here!!!
Antonie
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February 23rd, 2008 at 9:46 am
Here’s a draft of the definition on Spanish. Other Spanish speakers, feel free to tweak it.
Un “niño de la tercera cultura” es aquel persona que ha pasado un tiempo significante de sus años formativos en una cultura aparte de la de sus padres. El niño de la tercera cultura forma una relación con todas las culturas de su experiencia, sin pertenecer completamente a ninguna. Se asimilan elementos de cada cultura en la vida del niño, sin embargo, el sentido de pertenener llega a ser en relación con otras personas del mismo trasfondo, o sea otros niños de la tercera cultura.
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February 23rd, 2008 at 9:51 am
Hey there!
No it’s good! I like your translation!
Good job!!!
Antonie
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February 23rd, 2008 at 10:05 am
Thanks.
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February 23rd, 2008 at 10:18 am
I do believe that the TCK book is already translated into German as I brought that up with my co-worker (some of you who attended BFA may know her, Libby Stephens). She said it had already been translated there - and had been for a few years.
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February 23rd, 2008 at 10:26 am
I went to that link you posted but couldn’t find the TCK book in German.
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February 23rd, 2008 at 10:33 am
Yes, it has been translated in German. Here’s the TCK Book in German from Amazon
http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3861226324/84-20
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May 8th, 2008 at 4:29 pm
Can someone help translate it in Japanese?
Here’s what I found so far:
In Japan, the use of the term “third culture kids” to refer to children returned from living overseas is not universally accepted; they are typically referred to both in Japanese and in English as kikokushijo, literally “returnee children”, a term which has different implications. Public awareness of kikokushijo is much more widespread in Japan than awareness of TCKs in the United States, and government reports as early as 1966 recognised the need for the school system to adapt to them. However, views of kikokushijo have not always been positive; in the 1970s, especially, they were characterised in media reports and even by their own parents as “educational orphans” in need of “rescue” to reduce their foreignness and successfully reintegrate them into Japanese society.
Source: http://www.cs.kyoto-wu.ac.jp/bulletin/6/kanou.pdf
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May 8th, 2008 at 8:34 pm
Hi Brice,
This is my amateurish translation to Korean. I will try to translate it to Japanese shortly.
여기까지가 제가 알게된 바입니다.
일본에서는 해외에서 살다 귀국한 자녀를 일컫는 third culture kids라는 용어가 보편화되지 않았습니다. 직역하면 “귀국 자녀”라는 뜻으로 여러 함축적 의미가 있는 용어인 키코쿠쇼가 일반적으로 일본어와 영어로 둘다 쓰여집니다. 일본에서는 미국에서 알져진 TCK보다 키코쿠쇼가 더 널리 대중사이에 알려져 있습니다.
또한 이미(일찍이) 1966년의 정부보고서에서는 이들을 적응시키기 위한 학교시스템의 필요가 공인되었습니다. 그러나 키코쿠쇼를 향한 관점이 항상 긍정적이진 않았습니다. 특히 1970년대에는 외국성을 줄이고 일본사회에 성공적으로 재통합되어지기 위해 구조가 필요한 교육적 고아로 미디아 보고서와 부모에게까지 분류되었습니다.
출처: http://www.cs.kyoto-wu.ac.jp/bulletin/6/kanou.pdf
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May 8th, 2008 at 10:19 pm
Please disregard my previous translation. Here’s a revised one. Anyone fluent in Korean, please feel free to correct this! =)
여기까지가 제가 알게된 바입니다.
일본에서는 해외에서 살다 귀국한 자녀를 일컫는 third culture kid라는 용어가 보편화되지 않았습니다. 직역하면 “귀국 자녀”라는 뜻으로 여러 함축적 의미가 있는 용어인 키코쿠시죠가 일반적으로 일본어와 영어로 둘다 쓰여집니다. 일본에서는 미국에서 알져진 TCK보다 키코쿠시죠가 더 널리 대중사이에 알려진바 있습니다.
또한 일찍이 1966년의 정부보고서에서는 이들에게 응용된 학교시스템의 필요성을 공인하였습니다. 그러나 키코쿠시죠를 향한 관점이 항상 긍정적이진 않았습니다. 특히 1970년대에는 외래성을 줄이고 일본사회에 성공적으로 재통합되어지기 위해 구조받아야할 교육적 고아로 미디아 보고서와 부모마져 그들을 분류하였습니다.
출처: http://www.cs.kyoto-wu.ac.jp/bulletin/6/kanou.pdf
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May 8th, 2008 at 10:21 pm
Here’s the Japanese translation. Could anyone fluent in Japanese proofread this, please? There are parts I am not too happy with =(
これまでが拝見したところです。
日本では外国で住み帰国した子女を示すThird Culture Kids（第3文化キッズ）という用語が普遍化されていません。いろんな含蓄的意味がある帰国子女は一般的に日本語と英語両方とも使われています。日本では米国で知られてるTCKより帰国子女がより広く大衆の間に知られています。
その上、すでに１９６６年の政府報告書では彼らに適応した学校制度の必要性を公認しました。しかし、帰国子女を見る観点がいつも肯定的ではありませんでした。特に１９７０年代には外来性を減らし、日本社会で成功的に再統合するため救助されなければならない教育的孤児としてメディア報告書や親にまで分流されました。
出所：http://www.cs.kyoto-wu.ac.jp/bulletin/6/kanou.pdf
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May 19th, 2008 at 11:58 pm
Here’s my draft of the definition in French. Feel free to tweak it as well:
“A third culture kid is a person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside their parents’ culture. The third culture kid builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. Although elements from each culture are assimilated into the third culture kid’s life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of the same background, other TCKs.”
Un Third Culture Kid (TCK) (enfant d’une troisième culture - ETC??) est une personne qui a passé une grande partie de ses années de développement hors de la culture de ses parents. Un enfant d’une troisième culture établit des rapports à toutes les cultures, sans vraiment appartenir à une seule. Alors que les élements de chaque culture sont intégrés dans les expériences de ce TCK, le sentiment d’appartenance repose sur les relations avec ceux du même milieu, d’autres enfants d’une troisième culture (ETC??)
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May 20th, 2008 at 12:01 am
Oh, oops. I found a translation for TCK on a franco-swiss website: http://www.itinerances.ch/
They use “enfant d’une culture tierce”
Sounds much better
So here’s a revised version:
Un Third Culture Kid (TCK) (enfant d’une culture tierece - ECT) est une personne qui a passé une grande partie de ses années de développement hors de la culture de ses parents. Un enfant d’une troisième culture établit des rapports à toutes les cultures, sans vraiment appartenir à une seule. Alors que les élements de chaque culture sont intégrés dans les expériences de ce TCK, le sentiment d’appartenance repose sur les relations avec ceux du même milieu, d’autres ECT.
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May 20th, 2008 at 12:23 am
Wow, finally. A French version! Merci beaucoup Andre!
“Des “Third Culture Kids” aux enfants en itinérance géographique
Créé en 1950 par Ruth Useem, sociologue, le concept de Third Culture Kids (enfants d’une culture tièrce) désigne des personnes qui ont passé une partie de leur enfance et/ou adolescence dans un pays autre que celui de leur pays passeport (Home country). La première culture serait celle du “pays passeport”, la seconde culture celle du “pays d’accueil”, la culture tièrce se développerait à cheval entre ces deux cultures.
R. Useem a effectué ses observations durant deux études qu’elle menait en Inde sur la population d’expatriés, notamment, américains. Mais aujourd’hui, plus de 50 ans après, d’autres catégories de personnes sont touchées par ce phénomène: à l’instar des enfants d’immigrés ou d’expatriés. Tous sont confrontés à une même situation: grandir dans un pays autre que leur “pays passeport” mais pour des raisons différentes. R. van Reken nomme ces enfants des Cross Cultural Kids. “
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May 20th, 2008 at 12:50 am
De rien =)
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May 20th, 2008 at 5:07 am
I have no idea if the grammar is right but here it is in Danish(I used a translator thingy because I am not fluent…YET!:D):
“En tredjedel kultur barn (TKB) er en pågældende hvem har anvendte en sigende noget af hans eller sig udvikling år udenpå deres forældre kultur.Den tredjedel kultur barn bygger forbindelser hen til en hel kultur , samtidigt med at ikke har fuld ejerskabet i hvilken som helst. Selv om elementer af hver kultur er assimilere i den tredjedel kultur barn’s liv erfaring , den fornemme i hjemhørende er i slægtskab hen til andre jævnaldrende baggrund , med anden TCKs.”
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May 20th, 2008 at 9:11 pm
Merci pour la traduction en Français, je savais pas qu’il y avait déjà un site web en français qui en parle!
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May 20th, 2008 at 9:16 pm
It seems it has been translated into german (the book)… is there any other language it has been officially translated into? I think we should try to find a way in which to attract more non-anglophone TCKs or, if there are already any communities such as this in other languages, find them and connect with them to create a truly global network…any ideas?
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May 24th, 2008 at 9:47 am
Thanks you so much Miyon for the Korean translation!
http://www.tckid.com/group/introducing-tckmk-seminarsconferences-in-korean/
http://www.tckid.com/group/introduction-of-the-tck-concepts-in-korean/
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May 24th, 2008 at 9:49 am
Maybe Ayako can help?
Thanks again for your efforts, it’s much appreciated.
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May 24th, 2008 at 10:54 am
今までに分かっていること：
日本では｢サードカルチャーキッズ」（第３文化の子供）という言葉はまだあまり一般化されていません。外国で育った日本人の子供で日本に帰国した子供は一般的には「帰国子女」と呼ばれています。これは即ち、単に「外国から帰ってきた子供」を意味する用語であり、「サードカルチャーキッズ」という用語に含まれているニュアンスがありません。
日本国においての帰国子女の認識は米国よりも高く、既に1966年ぐらいには帰国子女に向けて学校教育をどうにかしなければならないという政府関係の文献が見られます。
しかしながら、帰国子女に対する世間の認識は必ずしも好ましいものではなく、1970年代にはマスコミや両親にまで、救助しなければならない「教育孤児」というふうにいわれたこともあります。また、日本人らしくなるために教育しなおさなければならない異分子として見られてきました。
This is how I’d translate it but Miyon should read it and see if it’s still close enough to the original as I had to change the way some things were said to make the Japanese sound better.
On another note - it’s a bit odd to say the jargon Third Culture Kid is not widely used in Japan because it’s English :p I think I know what you mean but it can sound a bit strange - because Japanese is Japanese.
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May 24th, 2008 at 8:22 pm
Ayako!
Thank you so much for the professional translation! I was very impressed and and 彩子さんに憧れちゃいます!
I particularly like “ニュアンスがありません” and the expression “いうふう”! Wow… I can tell your Japanese translation sounds so much smoother and natural! Aww… THANK YOU!!! とても勉強になります。（笑）
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May 24th, 2008 at 9:47 pm
Hiya Ingrid,
sorry to be finicky, but “es aquella persona” is more correct than “es aquel persona”
Good job on the rest, your syntax is great!
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May 25th, 2008 at 4:47 am
I’m impressed that you managed to put that weird language together, Miyon. Just like you pointed out…there are so many odd uses of ‘foreign’ words in Katakana and stuff that’s the norm these days etc. Plus there’s that decision making on whether to use Hirgana, Katakana or Kanji with a lot of things.
My translation could be better but I’m a TCK too so it has its limits
My name is: 綾子 (Ayako or Lin-Tzu according to Mandarin speakers)
Your choice of Kanji looks prettier though and is the preferred Kanji these days in Japan.
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May 25th, 2008 at 5:47 am
Ayakoooooo I am glad now I know the meaning behind your name!
I learned that 彩 implies colorful while 綾 refers to design. Aww… How beautiful is your name! It means you are a woman of silk!!
Maybe this is how you look!
http://www.artistic-license-inc.com/b2b/pics/Silk_Habotai_with_PU_Coated.jpg
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May 25th, 2008 at 6:17 am
lol Miyon
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July 7th, 2008 at 7:53 am
Hi I am wring a book about TCK in Swedish. I could help out with the translation to swedish
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July 8th, 2008 at 12:43 am
Hey Lena…did you ever live in germany? Your name sounds really familiar to me.
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August 7th, 2008 at 5:57 pm
Jemila: You are right, it should be “aquella persona.” (I guess I was still thinking of “niño” when I got to that part.) This is why we should never edit our own work!
Thanks for that correction.
Brice, is it possible to change the Spanish paragraph that I did ever so many months ago?
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September 10th, 2008 at 10:53 am
TCK Definition in Portuguese
http://www.tckid.com/group/17-ways-to-help-an-mk-portuguese/
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September 11th, 2008 at 9:57 pm
Anak Aneka Budaya - Indonesian version of TCK - well as close as I can get it
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December 23rd, 2008 at 5:03 pm
I updated this post. It will be useful to explain it to my family members in different languages!
…. Can anyone help translating this in Ethiopian (amharic) ? I would really appreciate it. =)
-Brice
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December 23rd, 2008 at 6:48 pm
Brice, I’ll be happy to do a Dutch version for you - I’ll try to do it before Christmas. I’m not clear though which parts of that page you want translated - could you email me the exact texts you want done - toss in a few extras that you’d like translated that aren’t on that page ? The more I have in one document, the easier it is to translate in one go without having to follow links and fish through sections on the page to which you linked. Perhaps others would like that too to expedite what they’re translating, or wanting to know what they’re getting into before doing it? The clearer the text is that needs translating, the quicker it is to do it.
odds at telus dot net
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January 3rd, 2009 at 11:37 pm
A slightly expanded version in Danish, which includes information about common strengths and weaknesses, as well as a list over the common types of TCKs.
Et trediekultursbarn er et menneske som er vokset op I et eller flere andre lande end det, deres forældre tilhører. De har et tilhørsforhold både til det land eller lande, de er vokset op i og det land, der står på deres pas. Men de hører ikke rigtig til nogen af stederne. Selv om de har optaget kulturbetingelser fra hver land i deres opvækst, er deres primært tilhørsforhold til andre mennesker med livserfaring som deres egen: andre trediekultursbørn.
Fælles for dem er følelser of rodløshed, rastløshed, savn og usikkerhed omkring deres identitet. Men samtidig har deres erfaringer gjort dem dygtige til sprog og til at omstille sig og gode til at bygge bro mellem flere kulturer.
Trediekultursbørn består af missionærbørn, militærbørn, børn som har været på ophold i udlandet pga forældrenes arbejde eller studier, diplomatbørn, flygtninger og udvandrebørn. Børn adopteret fra udlandet hører også hertil.
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January 4th, 2009 at 2:32 am
Dear Brice
I will try to send you a Norwegian translation soon, and I do have the same wish of getting it translated into Amharic! It is a challenge to find the good and adequate expressions, but I have already started the process with a couple of my Ethiopian friends and hope to come up with a proposal.. እንኳን አደረሰህ ! የተባረከ አዲስ አመት እመኝልሃለሁ !!Happy new year!
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January 9th, 2009 at 9:26 pm
Hi do you need it in Italian?
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January 10th, 2009 at 1:35 am
Yes Elisa. If the language isn’t listed, it means it hasn’t been translated yet and you’re encouraged to translate it. Thanks!
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January 12th, 2009 at 8:44 am
I tried to translate the Italian, but someone should probably read it to see if it should be modified.
Un Third Culture Kid (TCK), (Bambino di una Terza Cultura) è una persona che ha passato una grande parte dei propri anni di sviluppo fuori dalla cultura dei propri genitori. Un Bambino di una Terza Cultura, stabilisce rapporti con tutte le culture, ma senza appartenere completamente a nessuna di esse. Seppure elementi di ciascuna delle culture vengono integrate nelle esperienze di un TCK, esso trova un senso di appartenenza, nelle relazioni con altri che abbiano condiviso le sue stesse esperienze, altri TCK.
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January 18th, 2009 at 7:35 am
My revised version:
Un Third Culture Kid (TCK), (Bambino di una Terza Cultura) è una persona che ha passato una grande parte dei propri anni di sviluppo fuori dalla cultura dei propri genitori. Un Bambino di una Terza Cultura stabilisce rapporti con tutte le culture, ma senza appartenere completamente a nessuna di esse. Seppure elementi di ciascuna delle culture vengano integrate nelle esperienze di un TCK, esso trova un senso di appartenenza nelle relazioni con altri che abbiano condiviso le sue stesse esperienze, cioè altri TCK.
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March 4th, 2009 at 1:49 pm
Hi!
Jemila, I liked your translation but found it to be a bit too literal so I tweaked it a little.
“Un “niño de tercera cultura” es aquella persona que ha pasado un tiempo significante de sus años formativos en una cultura distinta de la de sus padres. El niño de la tercera cultura crea vinculos con todas las culturas, sin pertenecer completamente a ninguna. Apesar de que elementos de cada cultura se asimilan a las experiencias de vida del niño, el sentimiento de pertenencia se crea hacia otras personas con las mismas vivencias, o sea otros niños la tercera cultura.”
What do you think?
Otherwise, here goes Portuguese:
“Uma “criança de terceira cultura” é aquella pessoa que ha passado uma parte importante de seus anos de desenvolvimento fora da cultura dos pais. A criança de terceira cultura cria relações a todas as culturas, sem ter apropriação de nenhuma delas. Embora se elementos de cada cultura assimilam-se às experiencias de vida da criança de terceira cultura, o sentido de pertenencia se faz com outros com um passado comum, com outras crianças de terceira cultura.”
My portuguese isn’t as good as my Spanish (mother tong). Hope someone can give it a read through and a correction…
Ana G
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April 11th, 2009 at 12:29 pm
My son translated into Arabic. The right to left made it difficult to copy paste.
طفل الثقافة الثالثة شخص امضى قسماً مهمّاً من سنواته التطوّرية خارج ثقافة والديْه. هذا الطفل يبني
علاقات مع جميع الثقافات, لكنّه لا يتملّك أيّ منها. و مع انّه يجمع
عدداً من عناصر كلّ ثقافة, فإنّه لا يشعر بالانتماء إلّلا لأطفال أخرى من نفس الخلفيّة
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